1925 ORIGINAL HELEN KELLER DEAF BLIND PHOTO VINTAGE FEELING MUSIC for Sale

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1925 ORIGINAL HELEN KELLER DEAF BLIND PHOTO VINTAGE FEELING MUSIC For Sale

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1925 ORIGINAL HELEN KELLER DEAF BLIND PHOTO VINTAGE FEELING MUSIC:
$257.22

A VINTAGE ORIGINAL 8X10 INCH PHOTO OF HELEN KELLER FEELING MUSIC FROM 1925When Anne Sullivan (whose eyesight began to significantly fail near the end of her life) was no longer able to travel with Helen Keller, Polly Thomson filled the role. After Annie died (in 1936), Polly became Helen\'s constant companion and the verbal communicator between Helen and the public - until Polly also died, in 1957.Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author, political activist, and lecturer. She was the first deaf-blind person to earn a bachelor of arts degree. The story of how Keller\'s teacher, Anne Sullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate, has become widely known through the dramatic depictions of the play and film The Miracle Worker. Her birthplace in West Tuscumbia, Alabama, is now a museum[1] and sponsors an annual \"Helen Keller Day\". Her birthday on June 27 is commemorated as Helen Keller Day in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and was authorized at the federal level by presidential proclamation by President Jimmy Carter in 1980, the 100th anniversary of her birth.A prolific author, Keller was well-traveled and outspoken in her convictions. A member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World, she campaigned for women\'s suffrage, labor rights, socialism, antimilitarism, and other similar causes. She was inducted into the Alabama Women\'s Hall of Fame in 1971[2] and was one of twelve inaugural inductees to the Alabama Writers Hall of Fame on June 8, 2015.[3] Keller proved to the world that deaf people could all learn to communicate and that they could survive in the hearing world. She also taught that deaf people are capable of doing things that hearing people can do. One of the most famous deaf people in history, she is an idol to many deaf people in the world.[4]Contents 1 Early childhood and illness
2 Formal education
3 Example of her lectures
4 Companions
5 Political activities
6 Writings
7 Later life
8 Portrayals
9 Posthumous honors
10 Archival material
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
13.1 Primary sources
13.2 Historiography
14 External linksEarly childhood and illness
Keller with Anne Sullivan vacationing on Cape Cod in July 1888Helen Adams Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Alabama.[5] Her family lived on a homestead, Ivy Green,[1] that Helen\'s grandfather had built decades earlier.[6] She had two siblings, Mildred Campbell and Phillip Brooks Keller, and two older half-brothers from her father\'s prior marriage, James and William Simpson Keller.[7][8]Her father, Arthur H. Keller,[9] spent many years as an editor for the Tuscumbia North Alabamian, and had served as a captain for the Confederate Army.[5][6] Her paternal grandmother was second cousins with Robert E. Lee.[10] Her mother, Kate Adams,[11] was the daughter of Charles W. Adams, a Confederate general.[12] Though originally from Massachusetts, Charles Adams also fought for the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, earning the rank of colonel (and acting brigadier-general). Her paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, a native of Switzerland.[10][13] One of Helen\'s Swiss ancestors was the first teacher for the deaf in Zurich. Keller reflected on this coincidence in her first autobiography, stating \"that there is no king who has not had a slave among his ancestors, and no slave who has not had a king among his.\"[10]Helen Keller was born with the ability to see and hear. At 19 months old, she contracted an unknown illness described by doctors as \"an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain\",[14] which might have been scarlet fever or meningitis.[5][15] The illness left her both deaf and blind. At that time, she was able to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, the six-year-old daughter of the family cook, who understood her signs;[16]:11 by the age of seven, Keller had more than 60 home signs to communicate with her family. Even though blind and deaf, Helen Keller had passed through many obstacles and she learned to live with her disabilities. She learned how to tell which person was walking by from the vibrations their footsteps would make. The sex and age of the person could be identified by how strong and continuous the steps were.[17]In 1886, Keller\'s mother, inspired by an account in Charles Dickens\' American Notes of the successful education of another deaf and blind woman, Laura Bridgman, dispatched the young Keller, accompanied by her father, to seek out physician J. Julian Chisolm, an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist in Baltimore, for advice.[18] Chisholm referred the Kellers to Alexander Graham Bell, who was working with deaf children at the time. Bell advised them to contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind, the school where Bridgman had been educated, which was then located in South Boston. Michael Anagnos, the school\'s director, asked 20-year-old former student Anne Sullivan, herself visually impaired, to become Keller\'s instructor. It was the beginning of a 49-year-long relationship during which Sullivan evolved into Keller\'s governess and eventually her companion.[16]:Introduction, Key FiguresSullivan arrived at Keller\'s house in March 1887, and immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling words into her hand, beginning with \"d-o-l-l\" for the doll that she had brought Keller as a present. Keller was frustrated, at first, because she did not understand that every object had a word uniquely identifying it. In fact, when Sullivan was trying to teach Keller the word for \"mug\", Keller became so frustrated she broke the mug.[19] Keller\'s breakthrough in communication came the next month, when she realized that the motions her teacher was making on the palm of her hand, while running cool water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of \"water\"; she then nearly exhausted Sullivan demanding the names of all the other familiar objects in her world.Helen Keller was viewed as isolated, but was very in touch with the outside world. She was able to enjoy music by feeling the beat and she was able to have a strong connection with animals through touch. She was delayed at picking up language, but that did not stop her from having a voice.[20]
Formal educationIn May 1888, Keller started attending the Perkins Institute for the Blind. In 1894, Keller and Sullivan moved to New York to attend the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf, and to learn from Sarah Fuller at the Horace Mann School for the Deaf. In 1896, they returned to Massachusetts, and Keller entered The Cambridge School for Young Ladies before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College,[21] where she lived in Briggs Hall, South House. Her admirer, Mark Twain, had introduced her to Standard Oil magnate Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, with his wife Abbie, paid for her education. In 1904, at the age of 24, Keller graduated from Radcliffe, becoming the first deaf blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. She maintained a correspondence with the Austrian philosopher and pedagogue Wilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first to discover her literary talent.[22]Determined to communicate with others as conventionally as possible, Keller learned to speak, and spent much of her life giving speeches and lectures on aspects of her life. She learned to \"hear\" people\'s speech by reading their lips with her hands—her sense of touch had heightened. She became proficient at using braille[23] and reading sign language with her hands as well. Shortly before World War I, with the assistance of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing her fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music played close by.[24]
Example of her lecturesOn January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan traveled to the small town of Menomonie in western Wisconsin to deliver a lecture at the Mabel Tainter Memorial Building. Details of her talk were provided in the weekly Dunn County News on January 22, 1916: A message of optimism, of hope, of good cheer, and of loving service was brought to Menomonie Saturday—a message that will linger long with those fortunate enough to have received it. This message came with the visit of Helen Keller and her teacher, Mrs. John Macy, and both had a hand in imparting it Saturday evening to a splendid audience that filled The Memorial. The wonderful girl who has so brilliantly triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and deafness, gave a talk with her own lips on \"Happiness,\" and it will be remembered always as a piece of inspired teaching by those who heard it.When part of the account was reprinted in the January 20, 2016, edition of the paper under the heading \"From the Files\", the column compiler added According to those who attended, Helen Keller spoke of the joy that life gave her. She was thankful for the faculties and abilities that she did possess and stated that the most productive pleasures she had were curiosity and imagination. Keller also spoke of the joy of service and the happiness that came from doing things for others ... Keller imparted that \"helping your fellow men were one\'s only excuse for being in this world and in the doing of things to help one\'s fellows lay the secret of lasting happiness.\" She also told of the joys of loving work and accomplishment and the happiness of achievement. Although the entire lecture lasted only a little over an hour, the lecture had a profound impact on the audience.[25]Companions
Helen Keller in 1899 with lifelong companion and teacher Anne Sullivan. Photo taken by Alexander Graham Bell at his School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech.Anne Sullivan stayed as a companion to Helen Keller long after she taught her. Sullivan married John Macy in 1905, and her health started failing around 1914. Polly Thomson was hired to keep house. She was a young woman from Scotland who had no experience with deaf or blind people. She progressed to working as a secretary as well, and eventually became a constant companion to Keller.[26]Keller moved to Forest Hills, Queens, together with Sullivan and Macy, and used the house as a base for her efforts on behalf of the American Foundation for the Blind.[27] \"While in her thirties Helen had a love affair, became secretly engaged, and defied her teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the man she loved.\"[28] He was \"Peter Fagan, a young Boston Herald reporter who was sent to Helen\'s home to act as her private secretary when lifelong companion, Anne, fell ill.\"[29]Anne Sullivan died in 1936 after a coma as a result of coronary thrombosis,[30]:266 with Keller holding her hand.[31]:255 Keller and Thomson moved to Connecticut. They traveled worldwide and raised funds for the blind. Thomson had a stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered, and died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse whom they originally hired to care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after her death and was Keller\'s companion for the rest of her life.[27]
Political activities
Helen Keller portrait, 1904. Due to a protruding left eye, Keller was usually photographed in profile. Both her eyes were replaced in adulthood with glass replicas for \"medical and cosmetic reasons\".[31]
\"The few own the many because they possess the means of livelihood of all ... The country is governed for the richest, for the corporations, the bankers, the land speculators, and for the exploiters of labor. The majority of mankind are working people. So long as their fair demands—the ownership and control of their livelihoods—are set at naught, we can have neither men\'s rights nor women\'s rights. The majority of mankind is ground down by industrial oppression in order that the small remnant may live in ease.\"
—Helen Keller, 1911[32]Keller went on to become a world-famous speaker and author. She is remembered as an advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. The Deaf community was widely impacted by her. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about Deaf people\'s conditions.[33] She was a suffragette, pacifist, radical socialist, birth control supporter, and opponent of Woodrow Wilson. In 1915 she and George A. Kessler founded the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is devoted to research in vision, health and nutrition. In 1920, she helped to found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Keller traveled to over 40 countries with Sullivan, making several trips to Japan and becoming a favorite of the Japanese people. Keller met every U.S. President from Grover Cleveland to Lyndon B. Johnson and was friends with many famous figures, including Alexander Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin and Mark Twain. Keller and Twain were both considered radicals at the beginning of the 20th century, and as a consequence, their political views have been forgotten or glossed over in the popular mind.[34]Keller was a member of the Socialist Party and actively campaigned and wrote in support of the working class from 1909 to 1921. Many of her speeches and writings were about women\'s right to vote and the impacts of war. She had speech therapy in order to have her voice heard better by the public. When the Rockefeller-owned press refused to print her articles, she protested until her work was finally published.[30] She supported Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs in each of his campaigns for the presidency. Before reading Progress and Poverty, Helen Keller was already a socialist who believed that Georgism was a good step in the right direction.[35] She later wrote of finding \"in Henry George\'s philosophy a rare beauty and power of inspiration, and a splendid faith in the essential nobility of human nature.\"[36]Keller claimed that newspaper columnists who had praised her courage and intelligence before she expressed her socialist views now called attention to her disabilities. The editor of the Brooklyn Eagle wrote that her \"mistakes sprung out of the manifest limitations of her development.\" Keller responded to that editor, referring to having met him before he knew of her political views: At that time the compliments he paid me were so generous that I blush to remember them. But now that I have come out for socialism he reminds me and the public that I am blind and deaf and especially liable to error. I must have shrunk in intelligence during the years since I met him. ... Oh, ridiculous Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind and deaf, it defends an intolerable system, a system that is the cause of much of the physical blindness and deafness which we are trying to prevent.[37]Keller joined the Industrial Workers of the World (the IWW, known as the Wobblies) in 1912,[34] saying that parliamentary socialism was \"sinking in the political bog\". She wrote for the IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became an IWW,[38] Keller explained that her motivation for activism came in part from her concern about blindness and other disabilities: I was appointed on a commission to investigate the conditions of the blind. For the first time I, who had thought blindness a misfortune beyond human control, found that too much of it was traceable to wrong industrial conditions, often caused by the selfishness and greed of employers. And the social evil contributed its share. I found that poverty drove women to a life of shame that ended in blindness.The last sentence refers to prostitution and syphilis, the former a frequent cause of the latter, and the latter a leading cause of blindness. In the same interview, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts for instigating her support of socialism.Like Alexander Graham Bell and others, Keller supported eugenics. In 1915 she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants with severe mental impairments or physical deformities, stating that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.[39][40] Keller also expressed concerns about human Keller, circa 1912Keller wrote a total of 12 published books and several articles.One of her earliest pieces of writing, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story had been plagiarized from The Frost Fairies by Margaret Canby. An investigation into the matter revealed that Keller may have experienced a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby\'s story read to her but forgot about it, while the memory remained in her subconscious.[27]At age 22, Keller published her autobiography, The Story of My Life (1903), with help from Sullivan and Sullivan\'s husband, John Macy. It recounts the story of her life up to age 21 and was written during her time in college.Keller wrote The World I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight into how she felt about the world.[43] Out of the Dark, a series of essays on socialism, was published in 1913.When Keller was young, Anne Sullivan introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Christianity, Keller famously saying: \"I always knew He was there, but I didn\'t know His name!\"[44][45][46]Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,[47] was published in 1927 and then in 1994 extensively revised and re-issued under the title Light in My Darkness. It advocates the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Christian revelator and theologian who gives a spiritual interpretation of the teachings of the Bible and who claims that the second coming of Jesus Christ has already taken place. Adherents use several names to describe themselves, including Second Advent Christian, Swedenborgian, and New Church.Keller described the progressive views of her belief in these words: But in Swedenborg\'s teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be the government of God\'s Love and Wisdom and the creation of uses. Since His Life cannot be less in one being than another, or His Love manifested less fully in one thing than another, His Providence must needs be universal ... He has provided religion of some kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what race or creed anyone belongs if he is faithful to his ideals of right living.[47]Later lifeKeller suffered a series of strokes in 1961 and spent the last years of her life at her home.[27]On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the United States\' two highest civilian honors. In 1965 she was elected to the National Women\'s Hall of Fame at the New York World\'s Fair.[27]Keller devoted much of her later life to raising funds for the American Foundation for the Blind. She died in her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Connecticut, a few weeks short of her eighty-eighth birthday. A service was held in her honor at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., her body was cremated and her ashes were placed there next to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson. She was buried at the Washington National Cathedral.[48]
Portrayals
\"Anne Sullivan – Helen Keller Memorial\"—a bronze sculpture in Tewksbury, MassachusettsKeller\'s life has been interpreted many times. She appeared in a silent film, Deliverance (1919), which told her story in a melodramatic, allegorical style.[49]She was also the subject of the documentaries Helen Keller in Her Story, narrated by Katharine Cornell, and The Story of Helen Keller, part of the Famous Americans series produced by Hearst Entertainment.The Miracle Worker is a cycle of dramatic works ultimately derived from her autobiography, The Story of My Life. The various dramas each describe the relationship between Keller and Sullivan, depicting how the teacher led her from a state of almost feral wildness into education, activism, and intellectual celebrity. The common title of the cycle echoes Mark Twain\'s description of Sullivan as a \"miracle worker.\" Its first realization was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title by William Gibson. He adapted it for a Broadway production in 1959 and an Oscar-winning feature film in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke. It was remade for television in 1979 and 2000.In 1984, Keller\'s life story was made into a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.[50] This film that entailed the semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker recounts her college years and her early adult life. None of the early movies hint at the social activism that would become the hallmark of Keller\'s later life, although a Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits that she became an activist for social equality.The Bollywood movie Black (2005) was largely based on Keller\'s story, from her childhood to her graduation.[51]A documentary called Shining Soul: Helen Keller\'s Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Foundation in the same year. The film focuses on the role played by Emanuel Swedenborg\'s spiritual theology in her life and how it inspired Keller\'s triumph over her triple disabilities of blindness, deafness and a severe speech impediment.[citation needed]On March 6, 2008, the New England Historic Genealogical Society announced that a staff member had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, had escaped widespread attention.[52] Depicting Helen holding one of her many dolls, it is believed to be the earliest surviving photograph of Anne Sullivan Macy.[53]Video footage showing Helen Keller learning to mimic speech sounds also exists.[54]A biography of Helen Keller was written by the German Jewish author H.J.Kaeser.A 10-by-7-foot painting titled The Advocate: Tribute to Helen Keller was created by three artists from Kerala as a tribute to Helen Keller. The Painting was created in association with a non-profit organization Art d\'Hope Foundation, artists groups Palette People and XakBoX Design & Art Studio.[55] This painting was created for a fundraising event to help blind students in India [56] and was inaugurated by M. G. Rajamanikyam, IAS (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).[57] The painting depicts the major events of Helen Keller\'s life and is one of the biggest paintings done based on Helen Keller\'s life.
Posthumous honors
Helen Keller as depicted on the Alabama state quarterA preschool for the deaf and hard of hearing in Mysore, India, was originally named after Helen Keller by its founder, K. K. Srinivasan. In 1999, Keller was listed in Gallup\'s Most Widely Admired People of the 20th century.In 2003, Alabama honored its native daughter on its state quarter.[58] The Alabama state quarter is the only circulating US coin to feature braille.[59]The Helen Keller Hospital in Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated to her.[60]Streets are named after Helen Keller in Zürich, Switzerland, in the USA, in Getafe, Spain, in Lod, Israel,[61] in Lisbon, Portugal[62] and in Caen, France.A stamp was issued in 1980 by the United States Postal Service depicting Keller and Sullivan, to mark the centennial of Keller\'s birth.On October 7, 2009, a bronze statue of Helen Keller was added to the National Statuary Hall Collection, as a replacement for the State of Alabama\'s former 1908 statue of the education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry. It is displayed in the United States Capitol Visitor Center and depicts Keller as a seven-year-old child standing at a water pump. The statue represents the seminal moment in Keller\'s life when she understood her first word: W-A-T-E-R, as signed into her hand by teacher Anne Sullivan. The pedestal base bears a quotation in raised Latin and braille letters: \"The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched, they must be felt with the heart.\"[63] The statue is the first one of a person with a disability and of a child to be permanently displayed at the U.S. Capitol.[64][65][66]
Archival materialArchival material of Helen Keller stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the September 11 attacks.[67][68][69]The Helen Keller Archives are owned by the American Foundation for the Blind.[70]Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate© 2004 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.release dates: March 6-12 11-1 (04)from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2004 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.By BETTY DEBNAMTM TMImagine what life would be like ifyou could not see or hear. Imagine youdid not know any way to communicatewith other people. Imagine being shutinside a confusing world with no wayto ask for help.Helen Keller lived in such a world.When she was 19 months old, shebecame very ill. The disease left herblind and deaf.No one knows what illness struckher, although some believe it mayhave been scarlet fever.And yet, in spite of these problems,she grew up to graduate from collegewith high honors. She wrote 14 books,had a vaudeville act, met sevenpresidents, and traveled to 39 countriesgiving speeches on good causes.Her story was made famous by theBroadway play and movie “TheMiracle Worker.”Helen Keller visits a wounded soldier at aNorth Carolina hospital in 1945. DuringWorld War II she traveled throughout thecountry giving support to blinded andwounded veterans.Helen as a childHelen Keller grew up in the countrynear Tuscumbia, Ala. She was asmart, loving child. But she alsomisbehaved a lot. Her parents felt sobad that she couldn’t see or hear thatthey didn’t teach her proper behavior.Helen also acted naughty becauseshe was upset when she couldn’tcommunicate with others.She wandered around the table,grabbing food from other people’s plates.One time she locked her mother in acupboard. She bit and scratched people.Some members of her family thoughtshe would always be impossible tohandle at home.TeacherWhen Helen was about 7, inventorAlexander Graham Bell helpedHelen’s worried parents find aremarkable teacher, Anne Sullivan.Anne Sullivan knew she had to bestrict with her naughty student. Forexample, she would not let Helen eatuntil Helen sat properly, with hernapkin on her lap. At first Helenrebelled, fighting her teacher for hours.Anne Sullivan took Helen to a littlecottage on the family’s property so shecould teach her without the family’sinterference. In just two weeks, AnneSullivan taught her much about howto behave.However, when they returned to thefamily house, Helen continued tothrow tantrums occasionally.The miracleOne day, during one such tantrum,Anne Sullivan made Helencome out to the yard.While she pumped waterinto Helen’s hand, shespelled out “w-a-t-e-r”using a special handalphabet.And then the miracle happened.Suddenly Helen understood. Sheunderstood that what her teacher wasspelling stood for actual water. Sherealized words had meaning.From then on, everything changed.That day alone she learned about 30words.An Amazing WomanThe Story of Helen KellerPlease include all of the appropriate registered trademark symbols and copyright lines in any publication of The Mini Page®. photos courtesy American Foundation for the BlindHelen Keller (1880-1968) is about 7 in thispicture. She loved dogs her whole life, andalways had at least one. (This is a blackand-white photo colored in by an artist.)The Mini Page celebratesWomen’s History Month with astory about a woman who led anincredible life, Helen Keller.Mini Spy . . .from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2004 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.Mini Spy’s class is learning braille. See if you can find:• number 7 • feather • pencil • toothbrush • letter D• umbrella • cat• ruler • carrot• man in moon• donkey head• elephant head• key • muffin• number 2• letter A • bell• number 8• football • sock• letter CWords and names that remind us of Helen Keller are hidden in theblocks below. Some words are hidden backward or diagonally. Seeif you can find: DEAF, BLIND, MEDALS, VAUDEVILLE, MIRACLE,TEACHER, ANNE, SULLIVAN, DOGS, SENSES, WATER, SPELL,AMAZING, READ, BRAILLE, NATURE, INSPIRING, TRANSLATING.Helen Keller TRY ’NFINDS T E L L I ARBB LL EPSU E DWAMA Z I NGR I V LL AQ E AV S E S N E S EMDL CC K AT S L AD EMUADI HHMNF EHE RUT ANDV EB L I NDRE LCAR IMA RR V EL L I V EDUAVVN RE NNAGN I R I PSN IG N I T AL SNAR TDOGSfrom The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2004 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2004 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.Basset BrownThe NewsHound’sDistributed by Universal Press Syndicate 11-2 (04); release dates: March 6-12 ®TM TMThe Hand AlphabetPlease include all of the appropriate registered trademark symbols and copyright lines in any publication of The Mini Page®.Manual alphabetAnne Sullivan opened up HelenKeller’s world when she taught Helen tocommunicate through the hand, ormanual, alphabet.A blind or deaf person can “read”words by feeling thehand of the otherperson. The personspells out words inthe palm of the blindor deaf person’s hand.It is very close to the sign-languagealphabet that deaf people use tocommunicate by sight.Experts believe the manual alphabetwas invented by medieval Spanishmonks who had made a vow of silence.In the 1700s the Frenchbegan using it to teachpeople with hearing andspeech problems. Later,British and Americaneducators changed it some so it could befelt by deaf-blind persons.These photos from theAmerican Foundation forthe Blind are of HelenKeller’s hands as she formsthe letters of the manualalphabet.HELEN KELLERIS INSPIRING!Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate®11-3 (04); release dates: March 6-12Rookie Cookie’s RecipeCrunchy Cinnamon Pecansfrom The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2004 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.Meet Amber TamblynAmber Tamblyn, 20, is the star ofthe television show “Joan of Arcadia.”She was born in Los Angeles andgrew up in a family of artists. Herfather was an actor, and her motherwas a singer and artist. When Amberwas 10 years old, an agent saw herstarring in the show “PippiLongstocking,” and her televisionand movie career began.She has guest-starred on television shows such as“Buffy the Vampire Slayer.”Amber likes to write poetry and enjoys singing,dancing and theater. She currently lives in Los Angeles.You’ll need:• 1/4 cup butter• 3 tablespoons light brown sugar• 1 tablespoon white sugar• 1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon• 2 cups pecans, shelledWhat to do:1. Melt butter in a microwave oven on high for 25 seconds.2. Remove butter from microwave and mix in sugars andcinnamon.3. Add the pecans and toss until well-coated.4. Spread pecans on an ungreased cookie sheet.5. Bake in a preheated 250-degree oven for 30 minutes.6. Remove from oven and let cool on wax paper.Makes 4 half-cup servings.Note: You will need an adult to help you with this recipe.from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2004 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2004 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.All the following jokes have something in common. Canyou guess the common theme or category?John: Do you believe in free speech?Mike: Of course.John: Then may I use your telephone?Charlene: What number does a pig dialwhen it needs help?Ned: Swine-one-one!Adele: What type of phone doimposters use?Victor: Phoneys!from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2004 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.TMTMGo dot to dot and color.To order, send $4.95 plus $2 postage and handling for each copy. Send check or money order (U.S.funds only) payable to: Andrews McMeel Universal, P.O. Box 6814, Leawood, KS 66206.Please send _________ copies of The Mini Page Book of Presidents (Item #7807-0) at $6.95each, including postage and handling. (Bulk discount information available upon request.) Tollfree number [phone removed by ]. www.smartwarehousing.comName: State: ____________ Zip: ___________Learn all abouteach of the presidents…• Full-page pictures• Signatures• Biographical information• Dates of presidential terms• Important achievements• Stories about the many rolesof the president, the electoralvote process, political terms,and a visit to the White House!George W. Bush 86Please include all of the appropriate registered trademark symbols and copyright lines in any publication of The Mini Page®.Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate 11-4 (04); release dates: March 6-12 ®from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2004 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.The Mini Page is created and edited byBetty DebnamStaff ArtistWendy DaleyAssociate EditorsTali DentonLucy LienPlease include all of the appropriate registered trademark symbols and copyright lines in any publication of The Mini Page®.The excitement of learningHelen learned to speak by feelinghow Anne Sullivan’s mouth movedwhen she spoke.She learned to read and writeFrench, German, Greek and Latin inbraille.* She even learned to play chess.*Braille is a form of writing where lettersare formed by raised dots.Amazing abilitiesHelen was able to do wonderfulthings sighted people could not do.She could remember people’shandshakes years after last meetingthem. She couldidentify hundredsof plants by theirsmell.Once, at a competition held by agroup of rug experts, all the judgeswere blindfolded. Each judge hadabout an hour to feel many differentrugs. Then they had to identify eachone by touch. Only Helen was able toidentify all the rugs.On stageWhen Helen was in her 40s, sheand Anne Sullivan went on avaudeville* tour to talk about herlife. People were curious about whatit was like to be deaf and blind, andyet still be in control of your life.*Vaudeville shows had many differentacts, including comedy, music anddancing.Helen Keller was presented withan Academy Award in 1955 becauseof how inspiring her life was. It wasa duplicate of an award that wasgiven to the movie maker of thedocumentary, “Helen Keller in HerStory.”More About Helen KellerAnne Sullivan MacyAnne Sullivan (1866-1936) had adifficult childhood. Her parents werepoor Irish immigrants. Her motherdied when she was very young.When she was 5 years old, adisease damaged her sight. Then herfather took 10-year-old Anne and heryounger brother Jimmy to anorphanage and abandoned them.Her brother died there. Anne stayeduntil she was about 14.She was sent to a famous school,the Perkins School for the Blind,where she got top grades.When she was 21, she beganteaching Helen Keller. Not only didshe change Helen’s life, but themethods she invented to teach thedeaf and blind are still used today.When she was older, she married.She, her husband, John, and Helenlived in the same house for manyyears.Until Anne Sullivan died, shestayed with Helen, helping her.photos courtesy American Foundation for the BlindHelen Keller loved outdoor activities.Here the 38-year-old Helen is riding ahorse in Beverly Hills, Calif.Amazing achievementsHelen wrote her autobiography,“The Story of My Life,” when shewas just 23, and it waslater translated into 50languages. To write,Helen wrote on a brailletypewriter and then retypedher work on a regular typewriter.Throughout her life she traveled,speaking and raising money for goodcauses such as the American Foundationfor the Blind, women’s right to vote,peace and ending poverty.Anne Sullivan taught Helen to experiencenature by touch and smell. They hadmany of their classes outdoors. All of herlife, Helen loved nature.Look through your newspaper for storiesabout people who are achieving greatthings.The writer Mark Twain called AnneSullivan (right) “the miracle worker.” Inthis photo, Helen is about 15 and Anne isabout 29. Site to see: www.afb.org/braillebug/The Mini Page thanks Carrie Fernandez,and Helen Selsdon, archivist, AmericanFoundation for the Blind, for help with thisissue.Next week, The Mini Page is aboutsandhill cranes.Read the storyof Helen Kellerby Betty DebnamAppearing in yournewspaper on ____________.from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam© 2004 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.inDistributed by Universal Press Syndicate®release dates: March 6-12 11-5 (04)used in place of ad if desired.)Please include all of the appropriate registered trademark symbols and copyright lines in any publication of The Mini Page®.from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2004 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc.Supersport: Sanya RichardsHeight: 5-8 Weight: 120Hometown: Pembroke Pines, Fla.The “S” in Sanya Richards’ name could standfor “speed.” The University of Texas sophomorelooks like a blur on a track. She won the 400-meter gold medal in the U.S. championships in2003 and anchored a gold-medal-winning 400-meter relay team at the world championships.In 2002, Richards was named Verizon Youth Athlete of theYear.Richards, who was born in Jamaica, also played basketballin high school and had a perfect 4.0 grade-point average. AtTexas, the “Gold Girl” is majoring in engineering – andwinning races.TMpromoting Issue 11.)Distributed by Universal Press SyndicateStandards Spotlight:The Story of Helen KellerMini Page activities meet many state and national educational standards. Eachweek we identify standards that relate to The Mini Page’s content and offeractivities that will help your students reach them.This week’s standards:• Students use biographies and stories to understand the individuals who are honored bythe nation. (Social Studies: History)• Students explore factors that contribute to one’s personal identify, such as interests,capabilities and perceptions. (Social Studies: Individual development)Activities:1. Divide a piece of paper into four sections. At the top of one section write “Friends.” Atthe top of the other sections, write the words “Travel,” “Fun” and “Studies.” Write asentence about Helen Keller in each of the sections. For example, in the “Travel” section,write something about her travels. In the “Studies” section, write a sentence about whatshe studied and learned.2. Talk to several friends or family members. Ask them to tell you something they like tolook at in nature. Ask them to name a sound they like to hear. (Ask them not to namepictures and sounds from television or recordings.)3. List three qualities you admire in Anne Sullivan. Write a sentence for each oneexplaining how you think that quality helped her.4. Look in the newspaper to find people who share some of Helen Keller’s interests andabilities. Find someone who (a) travels a lot, (b) is a writer, (c) loves nature, (d) helpsothers and (e) knows the president.5. Think about a special teacher you’ve had. Write a paragraph describing that teacher andexplaining why you think he/she deserves special recognition.(standards by Dr. Sherrye D. Garrett, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi)®(Note to Editor: Above is the Standards for Issue 11.)More than thirty years after her death, Helen Keller is still known internationally asthe little deaf blind girl, the ‘miracle child’ who triumphed over adversity. Butbehind the image, hidden from the public gaze, was a flesh-and-blood woman,writer and radical activist, suffragette and Socialist. She was a woman who lived toold age, yet is fixed in the public imagination as an eternal child.This paper charts the creation of Keller’s popular image and enduring iconic status,analysing their purpose and the implications they hold for us as disabled people. Itthen examines the truth of her life, revealing how contemporary are the issueswhich determined it. Finally, it explores the value of retelling her biography and therelevance it holds in the building of disability culture.Biographical detailsHelen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 1Liz Crow is a writer, broadcaster and disability activist. She is co-producer/director,with Ann Pugh, of The Real Helen Keller for Channel Four Television.Helen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 2Helen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic IconHelen Keller was like a ‘kitchen word’. It was as if she were always in therealm of my consciousness. (Marcous, 1999a)I have a memory of school assembly, many years ago - the theme: heroes throughtime.We sat there, cross-legged, 150 children in the big school hall, everyone prayingfor Helen Keller and all the Helen Kellers of the world, and that we might live ourown lives with the same strength and fortitude. Perhaps we watched The MiracleWorker, because quarter of a century later there is still a scene from the filmetched in my mind: the child Helen with her teacher, high drama by the waterpump, that moment when deaf and blind Helen discovers language and a ‘miracle’occurs.I have a memory, too, of an instinctive resistance to what we were being told. Stilla non-disabled child, this was a figure outside my experience. Soon to become adisabled child, she was a figure beyond my grasp. Either way, she was set up assomething I should strive towards, however unwillingly, but at which I would mostcertainly fail. As I grew older, for the most part I could dismiss her from my mind.But, when others expected me to be inspired, I would decry her.Helen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 3And then, in adulthood, I read a book about women anti-militarists (Oldfield, 1989).I learned of Sophie Scholl’s resistance work in the Germany of World War II, of theessays of Simone Weil and the awakening of Christa Wolf to the Nazism of herchildhood. And amongst them I found the name of Helen Keller – so different fromthe Helen Keller of my school days that I took convincing that this was the sameperson. In place of some pale icon, here she was flesh-and-blood, a writer andradical activist, suffragette and Socialist. All those years before, I had been taught,not of Helen Keller, but of an image of Helen Keller. I began to read wider, trackingdown her own words, finding out what she was really like, trying to understand thisgulf between the fiction and fact of her life.What I have learned has left me wanting to tell the truth of her life. But I also wantto look at the origins and reasons for its fiction. It is not simply the events of her lifethat have kept me focused, it is that the issues which influenced and determinedthem are those which still occupy disability activists today. I am intrigued by theconnection that her life offers to our past, the lessons that we can learn fromlooking back and the assurance that, however tentatively, we are making progress.In this paper I will:• Describe the creation of her popular and enduring image – her elevation fromhuman being to icon• Analyse its purpose and the implications it holds for us as disabled peopleHelen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 4• Examine the ‘truth’ – and show how contemporary are the issues which shapedher life• Explore the idea of rethinking icons, bringing their stories into a culture ofdisability.Creating an Image“Most people know of Helen Keller as a disabled seven year old in the grips ofan oblivion of no sight, no sound, rescued by an incredible teacher at a well atthe age of seven, brought out of that oblivion through language …and then itdisappears from people’s minds.” (Bergmann, 1999)Helen Keller was born in 1880 in Tuscumbia, Alabama, the first child of CaptainArthur Keller and his second wife Kate. Theirs was a genteel Southern militaryfamily that had been made poor by the civil war of fifteen years before.At 19 months, after a brief illness, Helen became deaf and blind. The reactions ofher family were mixed. The family struggled to communicate with each other andHelen became increasingly “wild and destructive”. Her uncle wanted her shutaway in an institution for being “defective and not very pleasant to see” (Keller,1903). In the late nineteenth century, this was the fate of many disabled children,most of whom subsequently died.Helen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 5However, her aunt was convinced that “this child has more sense than all theKellers - if there is any way to reach her mind”. That Helen was already exercisingfreewill is absent from the popular image, yet she had by now begun to devise herown basic signs, permitting the family rudimentary communication.Her family’s desire to find a way at least to discipline Helen and control hertantrums led them to Alexander Graham Bell, the great inventor, who was also wellknown for his work with deaf people. The controversial nature of this work neverappears in the fiction of Helen Keller, although it would soon exert a fundamentalinfluence on the course of her life. At their first meeting, Bell suggested theyapproach Perkins School for the Blind in Boston to find a teacher. It was there thatAnne Sullivan, a recent graduate of the school, was recommended for the job.Annie travelled down to Alabama to work with Helen. She believed intuitively thata child would learn best when the process was enjoyable and, set against theVictorian education system, her teaching was progressive and inspired. She usedthe deaf blind manual alphabet and spelt words constantly into the palm of Helen’shand. For several months this was a game to Helen, with no inherent meaning,until one day, at the water pump, a single event occurred which would instantly beturned into mythical status:As the cool stream gushed over one hand she spelled into the other the wordwater, first slowly, then rapidly. I stood still, my whole attention fixed upon themotions of her fingers. Suddenly I felt a misty consciousness as of somethingHelen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 6forgotten – a thrill of returning thought; and somehow the mystery of languagewas revealed to me. (Keller, 1903)This was the ‘miracle’ that would for ever after define the image of Helen Keller.“She was transformed from this semi-wild child into this saint-like child, thisangel child. She was groomed to play a part.” (Herrmann, 1999)Once she had discovered language and learning, Helen revelled in it. She wasvery bright and learned at a phenomenal pace. Annie recorded her learning indetailed letters to Michael Anagnos, the director of Perkins School. At a time whenrelatively few deaf blind children even survived, the fact that a deaf blind childcould be educable was a revelation. Anagnos alerted the press and the story ofthe ‘miracle child’ was born. Within weeks Helen was world famous.Throughout her childhood, the desire of the press and public to follow her everymove was feverish. Wild stories were spread about her amazing achievements:her ability to identify colours by touch, her fluency in seven languages by the age often, her singing and her brilliant piano playing. The language used wasextravagant:“She was a miracle child, she had sprung fully grown from the forehead likeAthena, she was brilliant, she was innocent, she was a natural wonder, shewas a genius – the word miracle occurs again and again.” (Klages, 1999)Helen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 7Helen was visited by famous people, written about by the literati and examined byphilosophers and scientists (who found, her mind and her senses to be remarkablylike those of other people). Her likes, her sayings and her foibles, her kindnessesto others were all catalogued in detail and read voraciously.Financed by philanthropists, Helen’s education continued. Soon she had learnedto write using a stylus and, by the age of eleven, to lip read and speak. The imageof Helen Keller does not question her means of communication, although manydeaf people have done so ever since.Although at the time of Helen’s birth, sign language was well established in theUnited States, her education coincided with the new oralism movement (Baynton,1996). This argued that deaf children should be taught to lip read and speak.Helen had met Alexander Graham Bell, who was a leading figure for the oralismcampaign, before she had acquired language and at a time when her family wasdesperate for answers. His advice was trusted and unquestioned.When Helen was introduced to communication and language through the deafblind manual alphabet, it was used as a tool by which to ‘break through’ to her.The intention was never to facilitate her connection with other deaf people. WhenBell referred her to Perkins School for the Blind, she was presented with lipreadingand speech as the only valid means of communication. The manual alphabetbecame a secondary communication method, a back up to speech and lipreading,Helen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 8and her segregation from other deaf people was reinforced. Her early schoolingset her firmly on the path of oralism so that even when she later attended a schoolfor deaf children, the Wright-Humason School in New York was selectedspecifically for its innovations in oralism.From early childhood, Helen knew that she wanted to spend her life working toimprove social conditions. To do so, she must be able to communicate effectively.Sign language, a predominantly visual (as opposed to tactile) language, was notreadily available to her and the deaf blind manual alphabet ( which entails spellingeach word letter-by-letter) made communication very slow. The most effectiveroute that Helen knew for her ideas to reach people was speaking. She “laborednight and day” and was delighted in her achievement, but “discouragement andweariness cast me down frequently” (Keller, 1903). Helen could never speakclearly enough to be understood by strangers and, in life-long regret, believedherself to have failed.At eighteen, she passed her entrance exams to Radcliffe, the leading women’scollege of the time. Radcliffe admitted Helen, but grudgingly:When the word became public there was much talk – ‘Why don’t they sayoutright that Miss Sullivan is entering Radcliffe instead of Helen Keller a blind,deaf and dumb girl?’ (Lash, 1980)Helen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 9Very few staff or students made real effort to communicate with her. Books wererarely provided in Braille, classes were laboriously finger-spelled by Annie andHelen spent each night typing up the day’s lectures from memory. Helen was thefirst deaf blind college student in the United States – and the last for half a century.In the public image, her education was a triumph; in reality she struggledthroughout, remembering her college years as times of deep loneliness andexclusion.In adulthood, the child of purity became the woman of virtue. In her middle years,Helen worked as fundraiser and ambassador with the newly established AmericanFoundation for the Blind (AFB). She still attracted the press who cast her as aninternational figurehead for blind people. But the public image omits her scepticismabout charity and her loathing of asking for money:“She didn’t like doing it, she felt like she was begging. I think she felt it was astep backwards in the evolution of being a blind person, to find herself there ona stage asking for money, even though she was not asking for money forherself. I think she perceived it as something that was needed and she waswilling to do it because she believed in the cause.” (Kleege, 1999)She conceded to working within the AFB and the system with great reluctance,believing it was the best means for her to be effective. However, the image doesnot record her growing frustration and increasingly volatile relationship with anHelen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 10organisation which, initially at the vanguard, became increasingly establishmentover time.The biggest omissions, however, from the popular image of Helen Keller concernher political activism and her personal life.During her college days, Helen was introduced to socialism by the lecturer andjournalist John Macy (who later married Annie). She recognised “a struggle whichresembles my own” and rapidly moved from an intellectual commitment intolifelong and revolutionary activism.The saint was in actuality a spitfire, and her rhetoric was forceful and furious.(Fillippeli, 1985)Helen joined the Socialist Party, subsequently leaving it for the more radicalIndustrial Workers of the World. Her political involvements were many and varied,carried out with resoluteness. She campaigned for birth control, supported civilrights for black people, defended militant women’s suffrage, campaigned withleading pacifists against the United States’ preparations for war, protested at thedeportation of immigrants for their political beliefs, co-founded the American CivilLiberties Union. For Helen, the root of all these campaigns lay in a fundamentaldrive for justice and social equality and she exhorted others to join the struggle.Helen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 11Many young women full of devotion and good-will have been engaged insuperficial charities. They have tried to feed the hungry without knowing thecauses of poverty. They have tried to minister to the sick withoutunderstanding the cause of disease. They have tried to raise up fallen sisterswithout understanding the brutal arm of necessity that struck them down… Weattempt social reforms where we need social transformations. We mend smallthings and leave the great things untouched. (Keller, 1913)No one has given me a good reason why we should obey unjust laws. But thereason why we should resist them is obvious… The dignity of human naturecompels us to resist what we believe to be wrong. (Keller, 1914)In 1933, her book of political essays was burned by the Nazis. From the 1930sand throughout the tide of anti-Communism into the 1950s, to the great dismay ofthe American Foundation for the Blind, she was kept under surveillance by the FBIfor her far-left politics and support of Communism. She took risks that saw otherpeople jailed or socially dispossessed and, particularly during her early civil rightswork, “her politics for anyone else might have gotten her lynched” (Fillippeli, 1999).Early on, she publicly linked her work on women’s suffrage and anti-poverty withthe rights of blind people.The way to help the blind or any other defective class is to understand, correct,remove the incapacities and inequalities of our entire civilization. (Keller, 1913)Helen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 12A class of college girls…asked me to initiate them into philanthropic endeavorfor the sightless. I told them to study the life that swarms at their very doors…that the best educated human is the one who understands most about the lifein which he is placed… They asked me how to help the blind… I gravelyrecommended that they study Industrial Economics. (Keller, 1913)To most people, her disability rights work appeared to be in keeping with the saintlypublic image, so that they were open to her ideas without realising how radical theycould be. In Israel, when her hosts showed her with great pride a village for blindpeople, Helen argued vehemently against segregation and convinced them tobreak up the village. Long before the social model of disability had a name, shepublicised the link between social and economic conditions and impairment, aswell as grasping the impact of multiple oppression. Within the AmericanFoundation for the Blind and the legislature, she lobbied continuously to include theparticular needs of deaf blind people and of black disabled people.As part of her offer to bring her political beliefs to a wider audience, Helen(misguidedly) took up an offer from Hollywood in 1920 to star in Deliverance, asilent movie of her life. The producer realised early on that the saccharine imagealone would not hold audiences. To sell the film, he spiced it up with a lover. Forthe public image of Helen Keller, this was the sole admission of Helen as sexual,but the concession was only partial. In the film, her love is unrequited and so purethat the idol has fallen for Ulysses, a mythical being like herself.Helen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 13The public image does not permit her a real personal life. Yet just two years beforeHollywood’s fiction, she had fallen in love with her secretary Peter Fagan and thetwo had taken out a marriage licence in secret. The press broke the news andHelen’s family whisked her back to Alabama, banishing her lover at gunpoint. Herfamily could not countenance the reality of Helen’s adulthood and nor could theimage incorporate her as sexual: “for anyone as pure as Helen is, she would be sosullied by actual sexuality that it could just never happen” (Finger, 1999).The public image cannot incorporate a Helen Keller that is human and so thelargest part of her life - her greatest accomplishments and her great tragedy – ismissing from the public account.The final event associated with Helen Keller was her funeral, held in 1968. Shehad left instructions for a simple, intimate funeral, in keeping with her chosenSwedenborgian religion. However, her wishes did not fit the image of Helen Kellerand so they were ignored by her family and her trustees at the AmericanFoundation for the Blind. Instead, these keepers of the image conducted a largepublic service, with full honours and interment at the National Cathedral inWashington DC, so that “even in death, she wasn’t free, her image wasn’t free”(Fillippeli, 1999).The aoffering image of Helen Keller is reinforced in the last major public document ofher life. The Unconquered is a film biography made in 1953 towards the end of herpublic life. It recounts the water pump story, the charity work, the great achiever,Helen Keller: Rethinking the Problematic Icon 14the icon, and shows scenes of domesticity – flower arranging and washing up. Itomits all departures from the image and leaves the audience with a picture ofHelen now, a mild, docile old lady who once inspired the world.But in the popular imagination, it is the childhood image that persists. On theinternet, a school project posted recently by an eleven year old charts the events ofHelen Keller’s life. A timeline begins with her birth, notes her illness in 1882, tellsus “Annie came to teach Helen how to behave”. In 1890, she learns to speak,followed by her school days and on to 1900: “Helen’s first day at college”. Achronological gap gives way to the next event, in 1968: “Helen died”.Helen Keller is ‘the little blind girl who overcame adversity to symbolize the triumphof the individual’ (Fillippeli, 1999). She was a woman who lived to old age, yet isfixed in the public imagination as an eternal child. Situated alongside Heidi’s LittleClara and Beth in Little Women, she enjoins us to be better than ourselves andrivals the very essence of fiction.

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